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An examination of the relationship between the Scripture and
 Christian Antiquity in the context of Anti-Trinitarianism 
in 17th and 18th century England

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¹L¥h´X¤Q¦~¡A°ò·þ±Ð·|¸g±`Á|¥X­^°êµÛ¦W¬ì¾Ç®a¤û¹y¨Ó§@¬°ºÖ­µ¨£µý¡A¥HÅã¥Ü°ò·þ±Ð«H¥õ»P¬ì¾Ç¥i¥H¿Ä¦X¤@°_¡A¥i¬O¡A¤û¹y¯à§_¥Nªí°ò·þ±Ð«H¥õ¡A¤´¬O¦³«Ý°Q½×¡C¤Q¤C¡B¤Q¤K¥@¬öªº­^°ê¡A¥X²{¤F¤@ªÑ¤Ï¤T¦ì¤@Åé½×ªº¼é¬y¡A¨ä¤¤¤T¦ì¥Nªí¤Hª«¡A´N¬Oª«²z¾Ç®a¤û¹y¡B¼Æ¾Ç®a¶³´µ¹y¡]William Whiston¡^©M¯«¾Ç®a²©_°Ç¡]Samuel Clarke¡^¡A¶³´µ¹y©M²©_°Ç³£¬O¤û¹yªº±ß½ú¡A²`¨ü¤û¹y¼vÅT¡A¥L­Ì¤T¤H³£¦³¤@­Ó¦@³qÂI¡A´N¬O­n´¬±ó¶Ç²Î¡B´L­«¸t¸g¡B¦^´_­ì©l°ò·þ±Ð¡]Primitive Christianity¡^¡A³oºØºë¯«»P©v±Ð§ï­²ªº¡u°ß¿W¸t¸g¡v¤@¯ß¬Û©Ó¡A¶³´µ¹y¬Æ¦Ü¦Û¤ñ¬°°¨¤B¸ô¼w¡A¥i±¤¡A¥L­Ì¦b¸t¸g»P¶Ç²Î¤§¶¡¥¢¥h¥­¿Å¡Aµ²ªG«ä·Q¶É¦V²§ºÝ¡C¿ò¾Ñªº¬O¡A¦³¨Ç¦^±Ð§@ªÌ§ó¥H¤û¹yªº¨¥½×¨Ó§@¬°¤Ï¹ï­C¿q¨ã¦³¯«©Êªºµý¾Ú¡]Zahoor, 2000¡^¡C

¤û¹y¡B¶³´µ¹y¡B²©_°Ç¡B»P¨ä¥L¤û¹y°lÀHªÌ¡A³Q²ÎºÙ¬°¤û¹y¥D¸q¡]Newtonianism¡^¾Ç¬£¡A¤û¹y¥D¸qªº§t·N¤Q¤À½ÆÂø¡A¦Ó¥B¬Û·í¦³¡u¼u©Ê¡v¡A´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A¦b¤£¦P¦~¥N¹ï¤£¦Pªº¤H¡A¤û¹y¥D¸q¦³¤£¦Pªº­«ÂI¡C¤û¹y¥D¸q¥]¬A¬ì¾Ç¡B­õ¾Ç¡B¯«¾Ç¤T­Ó½dÃ¥¡A¦b¤Q¤K¥@¬ö¡A¤û¹y¥D¸q³Qµø¬°¤@ºØ¹ñ·sªº¬ì¾Ç¤èªk¡A³oºØ¬ì¾Ç¤èªk°ò©ó¤û¹yªº¨â³¡¥¨µÛ¡G¡m¼Æ¾Ç­ì²z¡n¡]Principia Mathematica¡^©M¡m¥ú¾Ç¡n¡]Opticks¡^¡F¦b¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¤û¹y¥D¸q´X¥Gµ¥¦P¥j¨å¤O¾Ç¡]classic mechanics¡^¡A´N¬O¨º²ÎÄá¸U¶Hªº¸U¦³¤Þ¤O¡A·í®É°ò·þ®{¬ì¾Ç®a³Á§J´µ­³¡]John Maxwell¡^¬ã¨s¹qºÏ¤O¡A¥L»{¬°¦Û¤vªºÅé¨tÄÝ©ó¤û¹y¥D¸q¡F¦b¤G¤Q¥@¬öªì´Á¡A¤û¹y¥D¸q³Q·í¦¨¬O¸ò·R¦]´µ©Z¬Û¹ï½×¤À®x§Ü§ªº¦t©zÆ[¡F¦b¤G¤Q¥@¬ö¤¤´Á¡A´£­Ò¶q¤l¤O¾Çªºªiº¸¡]Niels Bohr¡^«h»{¬°¡G¤û¹y¥D¸q¬O¤@ºØ¥H¦]ªGÃö«Y¥h´y­z¦ÛµM²{¶Hªº¬ì¾Ç­õ¾Ç¡A¸ò¶q¤l¤O¾Ç¥´¯}¶Ç²Î¦]ªG±À½×ªº­õ¾Ç¤j¬Û³w®x¡]Hall, 1988¡^¡C

¦b©v±Ð¤è­±¡A¤û¹y¥D¸q³Q¬Ý¦¨¬°¦ÛµM­õ¾Ç¡]natural philosophy¡^¡A¦b¤û¹yªºª«²z¨tÅé¨t¤¤¡AªÅ¶¡¡B®É¶¡¡B½è¶q³£¬Oµ´¹ïªº¡A¥Ñ¦¹Â²©_°Ç±À½×¥X¯«ªº¦s¦b¡]Baker, 1932; Shapin, 1981¡^¡C³o¥H¦ÛµM¶ø¯¦¨Óµý©ú¤W«Ò¦s¦bªº¦t©z½×µý¡]cosmological argument¡^¡A¦Ü¤µÅ@±Ð¾Ç©MºÖ­µ®ÑÄy¤´µMªu¥Î¡C¤Ï¤T¦ì¤@Åé½×¨Ã¤£¬O¤û¹y¥D¸qªº®Ö¤ß¡A¦ý»P¦ÛµM­õ¾Ç®§®§¬ÛÃö¡A¤û¹yÅé¨t±j½Õ¸gÅç©M²z©Ê¬O±´¯Á¦ÛµM©Ò¥²»Ýªº¡A¤û¹y¥¿¬O°ò©ó¸gÅç©M²z©Ê¡A¤jÁx¦a¥´¯}¤F¥j¨å§Æþª«²z¾Çªº¶Ç²Î¡]English, 1999¡^¡F¦b¯«¾Ç¤è­±¡A¤û¹y¥D¸qªÌ¥ç¶D½Ñ¸gÅç©M²z©Ê¡C

¦b³o½g¤å³¹¤¤¡A§Ú±Nª`·N¤O¶°¤¤¦b¤û¹y¥D¸qªº©v±Ð¼h­±¡C¥»¤åªº¥Øªº¡A¬O¥H¾ú¥v¨¤«×²¤¶¤û¹y¡B¶³´µ¹y©M²©_°Çªº¤Ï¤T¦ì¤@Åé½×¡A¨Ã¥B¤ÀªR§Ú­Ì±q·í¤¤¥i¥H¾Ç¨ì¤°»ò¥\½Ò¡C

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¤@¤K¤T¤@¦~¬°¤û¹y¼¶¼g¶Ç°Oªº David Brewster¡A»{¬°¤û¹yªº«H¥õ¦X¥G¥¿²Î¡]Cited in Pfizenmaier, 1997¡^¡A¨ä¹ê¡A·í®É³\¦hÃö©ó¤û¹yªº¸ê®Æ©|¥¼­±¥@¡A¦b¤û¹y¹L¨­¤§«á¡A¥L³\¦h¥¼´¿µoªíªº¿ò§@¸g¥ÑThomas Pellet½s¿è¥Xª©¡A¥i¬O¦b³\¦h¦a¤è Pellet¥[¤W³o´X­Ó¦r¡G¡u¤£¾A©y¥Xª©¡v¡]not fit to be printed¡^¡A´«¨¥¤§¡A¦³¨ÇªF¦è³Q§R±¼¤F¡C¸g¹L¦Ê¦h¦~«á¡A¤û¹yªº§@«~¤~³°Äò­±¥@¡A¤@¤E¤T¤»¦~¡A¸gÀپǮa³Í®¦´µ¡]John Keynes¡^ÁʶR¤F¤j¶q¤û¹yªº­ì©l¤â½Z¡A¨Ã¥B±N¥¦­Ì®½µ¹¼C¾ô¤j¾Ç¡]Cohen, 1960¡^¡C¬G¦¹¡A¦b¹L¥h´X¤Q¦~¡A¾ÇªÌº¥º¥¹ï¤û¹yªº©v±Ð«ä·Q§ïÆ[¡C

ªñ¥N¬ì¾Ç¾ú¥v®a«Â´µ¬ì¡]Westfall, 1993¡^»{¬°¤û¹yªº¯«Æ[±µªñ¤½¤¸¥|¡B¤­¥@¬öªº¨È¬y¬£¡]Arians¡^¡A¦ý¬O¯«¾Ç®a Pfizenmaier¡]1997a¡^«o°Ï¤À¶}¦­´Á¤û¹y»P±ß´Á¤û¹yªº¯«Æ[¡A¥L»{¬°¦­´Á¤û¹y±µªñ¨È¬y¡A±ß´Á¤û¹y«h±µªñ«X§Q®Ú¡]Origen¡^¡A¥L¬Æ¦Ü»{¬°¤û¹y¨Ã¤£ºâ¬O²§ºÝ¡CµM¦Ó¡A§Y¨Ï®Ú¾ÚPfizenmaier¹ï±ß´Á¤û¹yªº´y­z¡A¤û¹yªº¯«Æ[¤´µM¸ò¥¿²Îªº¤T¦ì¤@Åé¤j¦³¥X¤J¡C

¤j¬ù¦b¤@¤»¤C¹s¦~´Á¶¡¡A¤û¹y»{¬°¸t¤l¨Ã«D¦Û¦³¥Ã¦³¡A­C¿q©M¤Ñ¤÷¨Ã¤£¬O¦b¥»Åé¤W¦PÂk©ó¤@¡]ontologically one¡^¡A¥L»{¬°¡m¬ù¿«ºÖ­µ¡n²Ä¤Q³¹²Ä¤T¤Q¸`©Ò»¡ªº¡u§Ú»P¤÷­ì¬°¤@¡v¡AµL«D¬O«ü¤Ñ¤÷±N¯S®í¨Ï©R°U¥I­C¿q¡A©Ò¥H¥L­Ì¬é¬O¦b¥Øªº¡B¤ß·N¤W¦X¤@¡C¤û¹y»{¬°¦b²Ä¥|¡B¤­¥@¬ö¤§«á¡A¾ú¥N±Ð¤÷³£«d¨¬´N¼i¨Ó½Ķ¡B¸ÑÄÀ¸t¸g¡C

¤j¬ù¦b¤@¤»¤E¹s¦~¨º¬q®É´Á¡A¤û¹y¦A¤]¤£¤Ï¹ï¸t¤l¦Û¦³¥Ã¦³¡A¦ý¥L»{¬°¸t¤lªºÅv«Â¨Ó¦Û¸t¤÷¡A©Ò¥H°ò·þ¤£À³¸Ó±µ¨ü¤Hªº·q«ô¡A°ò·þ®{¤£À³¸Ó¦V­C¿që§i¡A­n¨D¥L§@¤¤«O¡C

¤@¤»¤E¹s¦~¡A¤û¹y¼¶¼g¤F¤@½g¤å³¹¡AÃD¥Ø¬O¡G¡m¨â³B©úÅã³Q§á¦±ªº¸g¤å¤§¾ú¥v¬ã¨s¡n¡]A historical account of two notable corruptions of Scripture¡^¡A²Ä¤@³B¸g¤å¥X¦Û¡m¬ù¿«¤@®Ñ¡n¡G¡u³oÂǵۤô©M¦å¦Ó¨Óªº´N¬O­C¿q°ò·þ¡A¤£¬O³æ¥Î¤ô¡A¤D¬O¥Î¤ô¤S¥Î¦å¡C¨Ã¥B¦³¸tÆF§@¨£µý¡A¦]¬°¸tÆF´N¬O¯u²z¡C§@¨£µýªº­ì¨Ó¦³¤T¡A´N¬O¸tÆF¡B¤ô¡B»P¦å¡A³o¤T¼Ë¤]³£Âk©ó¤@¡C¡v¡]5:6-8¡^¤û¹yÄþ³d¸t¸gĶªÌ¬G·N±N¡u§@¨£µýªº­ì¨Ó¦³¤T¡v½Ķ¦¨¡u¦b¤Ñ¤Wªº­ì¨Ó¦³¤T¡v¡A¨Ó·t¥Ü¤T¦ì¤@Å骺±Ð¸q¡C

²Ä¤G¬q¸g¤å·½¦Û¡m´£¼¯¤Ó«e®Ñ¡n¡G¡u¤j«v¡I·q°@ªº¶ø¯¦¡AµL¤H¤£¥H¬°µM¡A´N¬O¯«¦b¦×¨­Åã²{¡A³Q¸tÆFºÙ¸q¡A³Q¤Ñ¨Ï¬Ý¨£¡A³Q¶Ç©ó¥~¨¹¡A³Q¥@¤H«HªA¡A³Q±µ¦bºaÄ£¸Ì¡C¡v¡]3:16¡^¤û¹y»{¬°¡A¡u¯«¦b¦×¨­Åã²{¡vªº¡u¯«¡v¡A­ì·N¨Ã¤£¬O«ü­C©MµØ¡A¦ý¬OĶ¸gªÌ±N¥¦Â½Ä¶¦¨¡u¯«¡v¡A¬O¬°¤F²Å¦X°ò·þ¨ã¦³¯«©Êªº±Ð¸q¡C

³o½g¤å³¹¤S¦W¥s¡m¥H¼»¤û¹yÀï¤hµ¹¤©§Q­²¥ý¥Íªº¨â«Ê«H¡n¡]Two letters of Sir Isaac Newton to Mr. LeClerc¡^¡A¦]¬°¤û¹y©e°U­õ¾Ç®a¬¥§J¡]John Locke¡^¡A±N³o½g¤å³¹°e¨ì¼Ú³°ªº¥Xª©°Ó§Q­²¥ý¥Í¡A¥´ºâ¥Hªk¤åµoªí¡A¦ý³Ì«á¦]¬°¤º®e¹L©ó±Ó·P¦Ó§i§j¡]Austin, 1970¡^¡C

¤û¹y¬O¼C¾ô¤j¾Ç¾|¥d´µ¼Æ¾Ç±Ð±Â¡]Lucasian Professor of Mathematics¡^»P¸t¤T¤@¾Ç°|ªº°|¤h¡A¼C¾ô¤j¾Ç±µ¨ü¸t¤½·|¹ï¤T¦ì¤@Å骺¸àÄÀ¡A¤j¾Ç·í§½­n¨D±Ð¾­û«Å»}«HªA¸t¤½·|±Ð¸q¡A¦Ó¨­¬°¸t¤T¤@¾Ç°|ªº°|¤h¡A¤û¹y§ó³Q­n¨D¦b±µ¨ü¸t«~ªº±¡ªp¤U«Å»}¡]oath under ordination¡^¡A¤û¹y¹ð¦¸©Úµ´¸t«~«Å»}¡A©ó¤@¤»¤C¤­¦~¥L¬Æ¦Ü±¡Ä@¤£±µ¨ü¬Ó®a¾Ç°|ªºÁ~¤ô¡C²×¨ä¤@¥Í¡A¤û¹y¹ï¦Û¤vªº¤Ï¤T¦ì¤@Åé½×«O«ù§C½Õ¡A¼C¾ô¤j¾Ç©M¸t¤½·|¥ç¨S¦³­W­W¬Û¹G¡]Westfall, 1993¡^¡C¥i¬O¡A¤û¹yªºÄ~¥ôªÌ«Â·G¶³´µ¹y´N¨S¦³¨º»ò©¯¹B¤F¡C

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¤û¹y°h¥ð¤§«e¡A¥L¤@¤â´£©Þ¶³´µ¹y¨ÓÄ~©Ó¾|¥d´µ¼Æ¾Ç±Ð±Â³o¥úºaªºÂ¾¦ì¡A¶³´µ¹y¦b¬ì¾Ç©M¯«¾Ç¤W³£²`²`ªAÁt¤û¹y¡AÃø©Ç¬°¶³´µ¹y¥ß¶ÇªºJames Force¡]1985¡^¡A±N®Ñ¦W©w¬°¡i«Â·G¶³´µ¹y¡G¸Û¹êªº¤û¹y¥D¸qªÌ¡j¡]William Whiston: Honest Newtonian¡^¡C

¶³´µ¹y¸ÑÄÀ¸t¸gªº¤èªk¸ò¤û¹y¤@¼Ë¡V¡V°Ñ·Ó­ì¤å¦r­±·N«ä¡B»´µø¶Ç²Î¡A¦ý©M¤û¹y¤£¦Pªº¬O¡A¶³´µ¹y¤jÁx¦a«Å´­¤Ï¤T¦ì¤@Åé½×¡A¤@¤C¹s¤K¦~¡A¥L¥´ºâ¼¶¼g¤@¨ÇÃö©ó³o­ÓÃD¥Øªº¤å³¹¡A¥L¼g«Hµ¹¬ù§J°pªº¥D±Ð¹Î¡A°Ý¥L­Ì«ç¼Ë¼g¤~¯à°÷¤Þ°_±Ð·|¤H¤hªºª`·N¡A¥D±Ð¹Î«Øij¥L¤£­n¥Xª©³oÃþµÛ§@¡A¶³´µ¹y¤£ÅU¤@¤Á¦Ó¼g¤U¤F¡m¹ï¬ã¨s¯«¸tªº«Øij¡n¡]Advice for the study of Divinity¡^¡A³o½g¤å³¹«á¨Ó¦¬¿ý©ó¥Lªº®ÑÄy¡]Force, 1985¡^¡F¤@¤C¤@¤@¦~¡A¶³´µ¹y¦A±µ¦A¼F¡A¥Xª©¤F¡i´_¿³­ì©l°ò·þ±Ð¡j¡]Primitive Christianity Revived¡^¤@®Ñ¡]Campbell, 1991¡^¡C

¶³´µ¹yÄ~©Ó¤û¹y¶Ç²Î¡A´N¬O¡u¥H¸g¸Ñ¸g¡v¡]Scripture validates Scripture¡^¡A¥L¹ªÀy«H®{¤£­n¤Óª`­«ÄÀ¸g®ÑÄy¡AÀ³¸Ó­n±NµJÂI©ñ¦b­ì¤åªº·N«ä¡A¥LÁ|¥X³o­ÓÄ´³ë¡G¡u¦³¨º¦ì¨ã¦³±`ÃѪº¤H¡A·|­Ê¿à­^¤k¬Ó¥ìÄR²ï¥Õ®É¥Nªº§@«~¡B¤å³¹¡B¸g¨å¡A¨Ó§@¬°¸àÄÀ­^¬Ó¦ë§Q¤T¥@¡B·R¼wµØ¤@¥@®É¥N­^°ê±Ð·|«H¥õ¦æ¬°ªºµý¾Ú©O¡H¡K¡K¥L¥i¥Hª½±µ°l·¹¨º­Ó®É¥Nªº­ì©lÀɮסC¡v¡]cited in Force, 1985, p.108¡^

¦b³o­Ó¥H¸g¸Ñ¸gªº¤j«e´£¤U¡A¶³´µ¹y»{¬°¡u¤T¦ì¤@Åé¡vªº»¡ªk¡A±q¥¼¥X²{¦b¥ô¦ó¤@¨÷¸t¸g¤¤¡A¥L»{¬°¤T¦ì¤@Åé¬O¤½¤¸²Ä¥|¡B¤­¥@¬ö¨È¥L®³­×¡]Athanasius¡^¬n¦±¸t¸gªºÂսסC¶³´µ¹y¤S«ü¥X¡G·í®É¨È¬y¬£¥D±i­C¿q¬O³Q³yªº¡A¨È¥L®³­×»¡¥§¦è¨È·|ij§_©w¤F­C¿q¬O³Q³yªº»¡ªk¡A¦ý¬O¶³´µ¹y»¡¦Û¤vÀ˾\¹L¥§¦è¨È«H¸g¡]Nicene Creed¡^ªº¤åÄm«á¡Aµoı¨ì°Ñ»P¥§¦è¨È·|ijªº±Ð¤÷¡A±q¨Ó¨S¦³Äþ³d¨È¬y¬£¨º­Ó¥D±i¡A©Ò¥H¥L»{¬°¨È¥L®³­×¬n¦±¥v¹ê¡A¡C

¶³´µ¹yªº¨¥½×¤Þ°_¤F¼C¾ô¤j¾ÇªºÃöª`¡A¥Ñ©ó¥Lªº«H¥õ¸ò¸t¤½·|¤£§k¦X¡A©Ò¥H³Q­²Â¾¡C¥L»{¬°¦Û¤v¬O·s°¨¤B¸ô¼w¡AªÃ©ÓµÛ¦^´_ªì´Á±Ð·|¯u²zªº¨Ï©R¡A¥L¥ç¬O¡u¤dÁH¦~½×ªÌ¡v¡A»{¬°¥½¥@«Ü§Ö´N·|¨ÓÁ{¡A¦Û¤v´N¬O¥D¦A¨Ó¤§«e³Ì«á¤@´Îªº¶]¤â¡C¤û¹y¥u±N¨ä¤T¦ì¤@Å骺¬Ýªk§@¬°­Ó¤H«H¥õ¡A¥L¤£³ßÅw¶³´µ¹y¤½¶}¦a¤Ï¹ï¤T¦ì¤@Åé¡A¤û¹yÂ÷¶}±Ð±Â¾¦ì¤§«á¡A¤´µM¬O¬Ó®a¾Ç°|ªº·|ªø¡A¥L®£©È¶³´µ¹y³oºØ°ª«ººA¿ð¦­·|³s²Ö¦Û¤v¡A©Ò¥H¤û¹y¤£¦ý¨S¦³¤ä«ù¶³´µ¹y¡A¤Ï¦Ó¤½¶}Äþ³d¥L¡]Force, 1985¡^¡C

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²©_°Ç¬O¯«¾Ç®a¡A¥ç¬O¸t¤½·|¦è±Ó¦xªº±Ð°Ïªø¡A¥L©M¶³´µ¹y¦P¤@½ú¡A¤ñ¤û¹y±ß¤@½ú¡A¶³´µ¹y§Î®e²©_°Ç¬O¤û¹y¡u±À¤ß¸m¸¡ªºªB¤Í¡v¡]a bosom friend, cited in Pfizenmaier, 1997b, p.77¡^¡A·í¤û¹y¥´ºâ±N¦Û¤vªº¡i¥ú¾Ç¡j¡]Optics¡^½Ķ¦¨©Ô¤B¤å®É¡A¥L±N³o¥ô°È©e°U¤F²©_°Ç¡A¥Ñ¦¹¥i¨£¤û¹y¹ï²©_°Çªº«H¥ô¡]ÁöµMù°¨«Ò°ê«Ü¦­¤w¸g·À¤`¡A¦ý¬O©Ô¤B³o¥j¨å»y¤å¡A¤´µM¬O·í®É¾Ç³N¬Éªº¦@¦P»y¨¥¡^¡C

·í®É¤@¬°¦W¥s Hooker ªº§@ªÌ»¡¡G§Y¨Ï¦³¤@¸U­Ó¤j¤½·|ij»¡¥X¹H¤Ï¸t¸gªº»¡¸Ü¡A¸t¸g¤´µM¾Ö¦³³Ì«áÅv«Â¡C²©_°Ç¤j¤O¤ä«ù³oºØ»¡ªk¡]Pfizenmaier, 1997b¡^¡A¥L»{¬°¦Û¤vªº¤Ï¤T¦ì¤@Åé½×§¹¥þ¦X¥G¸t¸g¡C¥L¤S»{¬°¡G¦b¥§¦è¨È·|ij¤§«e¡AªF¤è±Ð·|©M¦è¤è±Ð·|ªº±Ð¤÷¡A³£¬Û«H­C¿q¤ñ¤Ñ¤÷¦¸¤@µ¥¡C¤@¤C¤@¤G¦~¡A²©_°Ç¥Xª©¤F¡i¤T¦ì¤@Å骺¸t¸g±Ð¸q¡j¡]The Scripture doctrine of trinity¡^¤@®Ñ¡A¦b®Ñ¤¤¥L±N¦Û¤vªº²z½×«Ø°ò¦b¦Û¤v¹ï¸t¸gªº¸àÄÀ¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¥H¶Ç²Îªº¸ÑÄÀ¬°¨ÌÂk¡]Campbell, 1991¡^

²{¥N¾ÇªÌ Pfizenmaier »{¬°¡G¸ò¤û¹y¤@¼Ë¡A²©_°Ç¨Ã¤£ºâ¬O²§ºÝ¡AÁöµM¥Lªº¯«Æ[»P¨È¥L®³­×¤j¬Û³w®x¡A¦ý¬O¸òªF¥¿±Ð¤Q¤À±µªñ¡C

²©_°Ç¦C¥X¤F¤T¤Q¤­±ø©RÃD¨ÓÄÄÄÀ¦Û¤v¹ï¤÷¡B¤l¡B¸tÆFªº¬Ýªk¡A­­©ó½g´T¡A§Ú¤£¯à³v¤@¦CÁ|¡A¦b¦¹§Ú¬é¬OÁ|¥X¨â±ø»P¶Ç²Î¤T¦ì¤@Å餣¦Pªº¦a¤è¡G

²Ä¤G¤Q¤­±ø¡G¦³®É·s¬ù¸t¸gºÙ©I¡u¤l¡v¬°¡u¯«¡v¡A­ì¦]¤£¬O°ò©ó¨ä§Î¦Ó¤W¥»½è¡]metaphysical substance¡^©ÎªÌ¯«©Ê¡A¦Ó¬O¥Ñ©ó¥L¬Û¹ï©ó§Ú­Ìªº¯S½è©M¯«¸tÅv«Â¡]¤÷»P¤l·¾³q¡^¡C

²Ä¤T¤Q¤G±ø¡G¨S¦³¥ô¦ó¸g¤å²M·¡¦aªí¥Ü¸tÆFªº¦ì®æ¬O¡u¯«¡v©ÎªÌ¡u¥D¡v¡]cited in Pfizenmaier, 1997b, pp.6-7¡^¡C

Pfizenmaier±N²©_°Ç¤T¤Q¤­±ø©RÃD¡A·§¬A¬°¥H¤U¤­±ø©RÃD¡G

²Ä¤@¡A      ¦b¸t¸g»y¨¥¤¤¡A¡u¯«¡v´X¥G±`±`«ü¡u¤÷¡v¡AÁa¨Ï¥Î©ó¡u¤l¡v¡A³Ì«á¤´µM¬O«ü¦V¡u¤÷¡v¡C

²Ä¤G¡A      ¤l¨Ã¤£¬O¦Û¦³¡A¤]¤£¬O³Q³yªº¡C

²Ä¤T¡A      ¤l¦b¥»·½¤W±qÄÝ©ó¤÷¡A¸t¸g¸Ì­±´y­z­C¿q¨ã¦³¯«©Êªº¸g¤å¡AÀ³¸Ó²z¸Ñ¦¨¤l¹B¥Î¤÷ªºÅv¬`©M¯à¤O¡C

²Ä¥|¡A      ¸tÆF¥X¦Û¤÷¡C

²Ä¤­¡A      ·q«ô¦Ü°ªªÌ¥u¥Î©ó¤÷¡]Pfizenmaier, 1997b, pp.104¡^¡C

²©_°Çªº¨¥½×¤Þ°_¼sªxª§½×¡A·í®É«üºK¥L¬°²§ºÝªÌ¤j¦³¤H¦b¡A¦ý¸ò¶³´µ¹y¤£¦P¡A¥L¨Ã¨S¦³¨ü¨ì­²Â¾¡A¦]¬°ªÀ·|­·®ð¶}©lº¥º¥®e§Ô¤£¦P·N¨£¡A¥L¤@ª½«OµÛ¦è±Ó¦x±Ð°ÏªøªºÂ¾¦ì¡Aª½¦Ü³u¥@¬°¤î¡C¦ý¬O¡A¦]¬°¤Ï¤T¦ì¤@Åé«ä·Q¡A¥L¥¢¥h¤F¦¨¬°§¢§B¹p¯S¤j¥D±Ð¡]Archbishop of Canterbury¡^ªº¾÷·|¡]§¢§B¹p¯S¤j¥D±Ð¬O¸t¤½·|ªº³Ì°ª»â³S¡^¡]English, 1999¡^¡C

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§ÚµL·N¦b¦¹©Ù¶Â¤û¹y¥D¸q¡A¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A¥¿¦p§Ú¦b¶}­º©Ò»¡¡A¤û¹y¥Hºë±K¬ì¾Ç±´°Q¦t©z¶ø¯¦¡A±q¦Ó¥[±j¤Fµý©ú¤W«Òªº¦t©z½×µý¡C¤@¤»¤E¤G¦~¡A²©_°Ç¦b¬Á·N¦Õ¡]Boyle¡^Á¿®y¤¤¡A±N¤û¹yÅé¨tªº¦ÛµM­õ¾Çµo®i¦¨¼vÅT²`»·ªºÅ@±Ð¾Ç¨t²Î¡]Shapin, 1981¡^¡C®Ú¾Ú¤û¹y¤O¾Ç¡A¦t©zªºªÅ¶¡¡B®É¶¡¡B½è¶q³£¬Oµ´¹ïªº¡A¦t©z­n¥ÑµL¦Ó¦¨¬°¦³¡]created ex nihilo¡^¡A´N¥²¶·¦³¤W«Ò¡F¦Ó¥B¡A¦t©z¤ÑÅ餧¶¡¡A¡u°ÊªÌ¡v«í°Ê¡A¡uÀRªÌ¡v«íÀR¡A¤W«Ò´N¬O­º¥ý±À²¾¡u°ÊªÌ¡vªº²Ä¤@¤H¡FÁÙ¦³¡A¤W«Ò¬O©Ó¦«¸U¦³ªº¥D®_¡A·í¦t©z¤ÑÅéµo¥Í¤£´M±`ªº°ÝÃD®É¡A¤W«Ò·|¥D°Ê¤¶¤J¡F¬ì¾Ç²z½×´¦¥Ü¥X¦ÛµMµ²ºc½ÆÂøµL¤ñ¡A¬ì¾Ç¤£¯à¸ÑÄÀªº¶ø¯¦¡A¨ä­I«á´N¬OµL©Ò¤£¯àªº¯«¡C

¦b¤å³¹¶}ÀY§Ú´£¹L¬ì¾Ç®a³Á§J´µ­³¡A¥L¤£¦ý¦b¹qºÏ¤O¾Ç¤WªAÁt¤û¹y¥D¸q¡A¦b¯«¾Ç¤W¥L¥ç¬O¤û¹y¥D¸qªÌ¡A¥L»{¬°¬ì¾Ç¹ï¦ÛµM¬Éªºµo²{¡AÅã©ú¤W«Ò¬Oµ´¹ïªº§¹¬üªÌ¡C·í¤µ°ò·þ®{­õ¾Ç®aµÜ´µ¨½¡]John Leslie, 2002¡^¡A¥H¤À²@¤£®tªº¦t©z¤O±`¼Æ¡A½×µý¤H¾Ü­ì²z¡]Anthropic principle¡^¡A¨ä³¡¤À°ò¦¬O¤û¹yªº¥j¨åª«²z¾Ç¡C

¤û¹y¥D¸qªºÅ@±Ð¾Ç¡A¨Ã«DµL¾Ó¥iÀ»¡C»P²©_°Ç¦P®É¥Nªº¤é¦Õ°Ò­õ¾Ç®aµÜ¥¬¥§¯÷¡]Leibinz¡^¡A§åµû¤û¹yÅé¨tªº¤W«Ò¦n¹³¤@­Ó©å¦HªºÄÁ¿ö¦K¡A»Ý­n©w´Á¬°¨«ºC¤Fªº®ÉÄÁ¤WÁå¡]Shapin, 1981¡^¡F¬ì¾Ç¾ú¥v®a«Â´µ¬ì¡]Westfall, 1993¡^¾á¤ß¤û¹yªº¾÷±ñ¦t©zÆ[¶É¦V¦ÛµM¯«½×¡]Dieism¡^¡F­õ¾Ç®aºû§Æ¡]Allen Verhey, 1995¡^»{¬°¡G¤û¹y¥H¤W«Ò¨Ó¸ÑÄÀ¬ì¾ÇµLªk¸ÑÄÀªº¦ÛµM²{¶H¡A±N¤W«Ò¶S¬°¡u¶ñ¸ÉªÅ»Øªº¤W«Ò¡v¡]God of the gaps¡^¡A·í¬ì¾Ç¦¨¼ô¨ì¥i¥H¯}¸Ñ¥H©¹ªºÁ¼¹Î¡A¤W«Òªº°}¦a´Nº¥º¥ÁY¤p¡C¤£¹L¡A³o¨Ç³£¤£¬O­P©Rªº®zÂI¡A­­©ó½g´T¡A§Ú¤£·Q¦b³oùظԲӰQ½×¤û¹y¥D¸qÅ@±Ð¾ÇªºÀuÂI©M¯ÊÂI¡AµL½×¦p¦ó¡A¤û¹y¥D¸q¤Þ°_ªºª§½×¡A¥OÅ@±Ð¾ÇªÌ³vº¥­×¸Éº|¬}¡Aµo®i¥X§ó¥O¤H«HªAªº½×µý¡A¤û¹y¥D¸qªÌ¹ê¦b¥\¤£¥i¨S¡C

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²Ä¥|¡B¤­¥@¬ö¨È¥L®³­×»P¨È¬yª§½×¤T¦ì¤@Åé®É¡A³£´¿¸g§Q¥Î¬FÅvªº¤O¶q±Æ¥¸¹ï¤è¡F¤Q¤C¡B¤Q¤K¥@¬öªº­^°ê¡A±Ð·|Åv¤O¿±µÈµL¤ñ¡A¤j¾Ç±Ð±Âªº¥h¯d¨ú¨M©ó¨ä«H¥õ¡C¥H¤W¨âÂI¦b¤µ¤Ñ¤w¤£¦X®É©y¡C¤µ¤Ñ¡A°ò·þ®{À³¸Ó©êµÛ¡u¤£¥H¤H¼o¨¥¡v©M¡u¤£¥H¨¥¼o¤H¡vªººA«×¡AÁöµM¤û¹y¥D¸q¦³­È±o°Óºeªº¦a¤è¡A¦ý¬O¤û¹yµLºÃ¬O³Ç¥Xªº¬ì¾Ç®a¡A¥Ñ¥Lªº¬ì¾Ç¦Óµo®i¥X¨ÓªºÅ@±Ð¾Ç¡A¹ï°ò·þ±Ð¨ã¦³¥¿­±ªº¼vÅT¡C

¤û¹y¡B¶³´µ¹y¡B²©_°Çªº©v±Ð«ä·Q¡A¨ä¨Ó¦³¦Û¡C¦b¤Q¤­¥@¬öªº¤åÃÀ´_¿³¹B°Ê¤¤¡A¤H¤å¥D¸qªÌ±j½Õ­«ªð¥j¨å¤åÄm¡A¤Q¤»¥@¬öªº©v±Ð§ï­²¡A¹ª§j´¬±ó¶Ç²Î¡B¡u°ß¿W¸t¸g¡v¡A¤û¹y¥D¸q¥¿¬O³oºØ­·¼éªº©µÄò¡]Gregory, 2001; Pfizenmaier, 1997b¡^¡C

¥Ñ©ó¤T¦ì¤@Å骺ª§½×¡A¦b¤Q¤C¡B¤Q¤K¥@¬ö®É¡A¸t¤½·|°ª¬£¡]High Church¡^¤Q¤À¼Ä¹ï¤û¹y¥D¸qªÌ¡]Stewart, 1981¡^¡A¨Ò¦p°ª¬£¯«¾Ç®a«¢´Ü´Ë¡]John Hutchinson¡^¤£¦ý§åµû¤û¹y¥D¸qªÌªº¤Ï¤T¦ì¤@Åé½×¡A¥L¬Æ¦Ü§åµû¤û¹yªº¦ÛµM­õ¾Ç¶É¦Vªx¯«½×¡]pantheism¡^¡]English, 1999¡^¡F´`¹D·|ªº³Ð©l¤H¬ù¿«½Ã´µ²z¥ç¤Ï¹ï¤û¹y¥D¸q¡A¤£¹L¡A½Ã´µ²z¨Ã¨S¦³¸Ô²Ó»¡©ú¥L¤Ï¹ï¤û¹y¥D¸qªº­ì¦]¡]Schofield, 1953¡^¡C¦ý¬O¡A±q½Ã´µ²zªºÁ¿¹D©M¼g§@­·®æ¤¤¡A§Ú­Ì¥i¥Hª¾¹D½Ã´µ²z¬O¸t¸g»P¶Ç²Î¨Ã­«¡CTed Campbell¡]1991¡^¾ã²z½Ã´µ²zªºµÛ§@¡A¼g¦¨¤F¡i¬ù¿«½Ã´µ²z»P°ò·þ±Ð¥j¨å¶Ç²Î¡j¡]John Wesley and Christiania Antiquity¡^¤@®Ñ¡AÅã¥Ü¥X½Ã´µ²zªº«H¥õ¦p¦ó¸ò¶Ç²Î»Î±µ¡A¦b½Ã´µ²z§@«~¤¤¬ù¤T¦Ê­Ó¦a¤è¡A¥L®Ç¼x³Õ¤Þ¾ú¥@¾ú¥N±Ð¤÷ªºµÛ§@¡B¤j¤½·|ijªº«H¸g¡C¥L¤Þ¥Îªº¥]¬A¨Ï®{«H¸g¡B¶ø¥j´µ¤B¡]Augustine¡^¡B¸tª÷¤f­Y±æ¡]Chrysostom¡^¡B·R¥ô¯Ã¡]Irenaeus¡^¡B­C¬X¦Ì¡]Jerome¡^¡B®î¹DªÌ´å´µ¤B¡]Martyr Justin¡^¡B«X§Q®Ú¡]Origen¡^¡B¯S¤g¨}¡]Tertullian¡^¡AÁÙ¦³¤û¹y¥D¸qªÌ·¥¤£³ßÅwªº¨È¥L®³­×¡I

²{¦b¦^ÅU¤û¹y¥D¸qªÌªº¾ú¥v¡A§Ú¤£¸TÁp·Q¨ì¦Û¤v±q«eªº¸g¾ú¡Aµ§ªÌ¦b¦~¤Ö®É´¿¸g°Ñ¥[¹L¤@©Ò¥D±i´¬±ó¶Ç²Î¡B´L­«¸t¸g¡B¦^´_ªì´Á±Ð·|¼Ë¦¡ªº±Ð·|¡A·í®É±Ð·|»â³S¥H¿E¯Pªº¨¥½×¥h§¯Å]¤Æ¶ø¥j´µ¤B¡B¥[º¸¤åµ¥±Ð·|¥ý½å¡C¨ä¸Ñ¸g¤è¦¡¤Q¤À²¤Æ¡G¡u¤Z¬O¸t¸g»¡¹Lªº´N­n¸òÀH¡A¤Z¬O¸t¸g¨S¦³»¡¹Lªº´N­n¤Ï¹ï¡C¡v¥i¬O¡A¦pªG«ö·Ó³oºØÅÞ¿è¡A¨º»ò¡u¤T¦ì¤@Åé¡v´N¬O¤£¦X¸t¸g¤F¡A¦]¬°¡u¤T¦ì¤@Åé¡v³o­Óµü»y±q¨Ó¨S¦³¦b¥ô¦ó¸g¤å¥X²{¹L¡C¦p¤µ¡A§Ú¤ñ¸û»{¦P¬ù¿«½Ã´µ²zªººA«×¡A¹ï¶Ç²Î¾¥¦u¦¨³W©TµM¬O¦MÀI¡A¦ý¬O¡A±N¾ú¥@¾ú¥N¸t®{ªº¯«¾Ç«ä·Q§ô¤§°ª»Õ¡A¦Ó»{¬°¦Û¤vªº¸àÄÀ¤~³Ì¥¿½T¡A¨º´N§ó¥[¦MÀI¡I

 2004.1.10


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Austin, W. H. (1970). Isaac Newton on science and religion. Journal of the History of ideas, 31, 521-542.

Baker, J. T. (1932). Space, time, and God. Philosophical Review, 41, 577-593.

Campbell, T. (1991). John Wesley and Christiania antiquity. Nashville, TN: Kingswood Books.

Force, J. (1985). William Whiston: Honest Newtonian. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Coehn, I. B. (1960). Newton in the light of recent scholarship. Isis, 51, 489-514.

English, J. C. (1999). John Hutchinson¡¦s critique of Newtonian heterodoxy. Church History, 68, 581-599.

Gregory, B. S. (2001). History of Christianity in the Reformation era [Recorded lecture]. Chantilly, VA: The Teaching Company.

Hall, A. R. (1988). Newtonianism after 300 years. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 42, 5-9.

Leslie, J. (2002). The prerequisites of life in our universe. Truth Journal. Retrieved from http://www.leaderu.com/truth/3truth12.html on January 10, 2004.

Pfizenmaier, T. C. (1997a). Was Isaac Newton an Arian? Journal of the History of ideas, 68, 57-80.

Pfizenmaier, T. C. (1997b). The Trinitarian theology: of Dr. Samuel Clarke (1675-1729): Context, sources, and controversy. New York: Brill.

Rowe, W. L. (1971). The cosmological argument. Nous, 5, 49-61.

Schofield, R. E. (1953). John Wesley and science in 18th century England. Isis, 44, 331-340.

Shapin, S. (1981). Of Gods and Kings: Natural philosophy and politics in the Leibniz-Clarke disputes. Isis, 72, 187-215.

Stewart, L. (1981). Samuel Clarke, Newtonianism, and the factions of post-revolutionary England. Journal of the History of Ideas, 42, 53-72.

Westfall, R. (1993). The life of Isaac Newton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Verley, A. (1995). Playing God and invoking a perspective. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 20, 347-364.

Zahoor. A. (2000). Sir Isaac Newton on the Bible. Retrieved from http://cyberistan.org/islamic/newton1.html on December 23, 2003.


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